Mandarin Course Hong Kong – Superconducting Materials

Mandarin Course Hong Kong – Superconducting Materials

The stone age, The Iron Age. Entire epochs have been named for materials. So what to call the decades ahead? The choice will be tough. Welcome to the age of superstuff. Material science — once the least sexy technology – is bursting with new, practical discoveries led by superconducting ceramics that may revolutionize electronics. But superconductors are just part of the picture: from house and cars to cook pots and artificial teeth, the world will someday be made of different stuff. Exotic plastics, glass and ceramics will shape the future just as surely as have genetic engineering and computer science.
The key to the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level. Ceramics, for example, have long been limited by their brittleness. But by minimizing the microscopic imperfections that cause it, scientists are making far stronger ceramics that still retain such qualities as hardness and heat resistance. Ford Motor Co. now uses ceramic tools to cut steel. A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay sharp for years and never rust or corrode.
A similar transformation has overtaken plastics. High-strength polymers now form bridges, ice-skating rinks and helicopter rotors. And one new plastic that generates electricity when vibrated or pushed is used in electric guitars, touch sensors for robot hands and karate jackets that automatically record each punch and chop. Even plastic litter, which once threatened to permanently blot the landscape, has proved amenable to molecular tinkering. Several manufacturers now make biodegradable forms; some plastic six-pack rings for example, gradually decompose when exposed to sunlight. Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass. Besides, composites – plastic reinforced with fibers of graphite or other compounds – made the round-the-world flight of the voyager possible and have even been proved in combat: a helmet saved an infantryman’s life by deflecting two bullets in the Grenada invasion.
Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The newest fiberoptic cable that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.
But new materials have no impact until they are made into products. And that transition could prove difficult, for switching requires lengthy research and investment. It can be said a firmer handle on how to move to commercialization will determine the success or failure of a country in the near future.

Vocabulary
1. superstuff 超级材料
2. superconducting ceramic 超导陶瓷
3. exotic 神奇的
4. shape 塑造,成型
5. brittleness 脆性
6. polymer 聚合体
7. karate jacket 空手道外衣
8. touch sensor 触及传感器
9. each punch and chop 每一个击、打
10. blot 玷污,损害风景的东西
11. tinker 修补,调整
12. amendable 服从于,遵循的
13. biodegradable 能生物递减分解的
14. six-pack rings 放六个罐子的环状物
15. decompose 分解
16. recyclable 可循环(使用的)
17. infantryman 步兵
18. deflect 使偏斜,使转向
19. a new twist 一个新的观点,方法

石器時代,鐵器時代。材料已被命名為整個時代。那麼什麼叫未來的幾十年?的選擇將是艱難的。歡迎的超級材料時代。材料科學 – 一次最不性感的技術 – 爆破與超導陶瓷可能徹底改變電子為首的新的,實用的發現。但超導體的只是部分圖片:從煮壺和人工牙的房子和汽車,世界有一天會被不同的東西。異國情調的塑料,玻璃和陶瓷材料將塑造未來一樣,必將為基因工程和計算機科學。
新材料的關鍵是研究人員在分子水平上操縱物質的能力。例如,陶瓷,它的脆性,長期被應用有限。但通過減少引起的微小缺陷,科學家們正在做強陶瓷,仍然保留硬度和耐熱性等素質。福特汽車公司現在使用陶瓷刀具切鋼。名為京瓷一家公司已經建立了一個多年來保持鋒利,永不生鏽或腐蝕的陶瓷剪刀和刀。
類似的轉型已取代塑料。高強度聚合物形成了現在的橋樑,溜冰場和直升機旋翼。和一個新的塑料產生震動或推動電力使用電吉他,觸摸傳感器的機器人手和空手道外衣,自動記錄每個沖床和印章。即使是塑料垃圾,曾經揚言要永久印跡的景觀,已被證明服從分子修修補補。一些製造商現在可生物降解的形式,例如一些塑料六包環,逐漸分解時,暴露在陽光下。研究人員正在開發的辦法,使金屬或玻璃可回收的塑料。此外,石墨或其他化合物的纖維增強複合材料 – 塑料 – 環遊世界飛行的旅行者可能,甚至已在戰鬥中證明:頭盔救了一個步兵的生命,在入侵格林納達偏轉兩顆子彈。
一些先進的材料是舊標準,一個新的轉折。最新的光纖電纜,攜帶電話越野一塊100英里厚的比一個標準的窗口窗格中清晰透明的玻璃。
但是,新材料,有沒有影響,直到它們被製成產品。和過渡可能被證明是困難的,切換需要長期的研究和投資。可以說,堅定對如何將商業化的手柄,將決定一個國家的成功或失敗,在不久的將來。

shí qì shí dài ,tiě qì shí dài 。cái liào yǐ bèi mìng míng wéi zhěng gè shí dài 。nà me shí me jiào wèi lái de jǐ shí nián ?de xuǎn zé jiāng shì jiān nán de 。huān yíng de chāo jí cái liào shí dài 。cái liào kē xué – yí cì zuì bù xìng gǎn de jì shù – bào pò yǔ chāo dǎo táo cí kě néng chè dǐ gǎi biàn diàn zǐ wéi shǒu de xīn de ,shí yòng de fā xiàn 。dàn chāo dǎo tǐ de zhǐ shì bù fèn tú piàn : cóng zhǔ hú hé rén gōng yá de fáng zi hé qì chē ,shì jiè yǒu yì tiān huì bèi bù tóng de dōng xī 。yì guó qíng diào de sù liào ,bō li hé táo cí cái liào jiāng sù zào wèi lái yī yàng ,bì jiāng wéi jī yīn gōng chéng hé jì suàn jī kē xué 。
xīn cái liào de guān jiàn shì yán jiū rén yuán zài fèn zǐ shuǐ píng shàng cāo zòng wù zhì de néng lì 。lì rú ,táo cí ,tā de cuì xìng ,cháng qī bèi yìng yòng yǒu xiàn 。dàn tōng guò jiǎn shǎo yǐn qǐ de wēi xiǎo quē xiàn ,kē xué jiā men zhèng zài zuò qiáng táo cí ,réng rán bǎo liú yìng dù hé nài rè xìng děng sù zhì 。fú tè qì chē gōng sī xiàn zài shǐ yòng táo cí dāo jù qiē gāng 。míng wéi jīng cí yī jiā gōng sī yǐ jīng jiàn lì le yī gè duō nián lái bǎo chí fēng lì ,yǒng bù shēng xiù huò fǔ shí de táo cí jiǎn dāo hé dāo 。
lèi shì de zhuǎn xíng yǐ qǔ dài sù liào 。gāo qiáng dù jù hé wù xíng chéng le xiàn zài de qiáo liáng ,liū bīng chǎng hé zhí shēng jī xuán yì 。hé yī gè xīn de sù liào chǎn shēng zhèn dòng huò tuī dòng diàn lì shǐ yòng diàn jí tā ,chù mō chuán gǎn qì de jī qì rén shǒu hé kōng shǒu dào wài yī ,zì dòng jì lù měi gè chòng chuáng hé yìn zhāng 。jí shǐ shì sù liào lā jī ,zēng jīng yáng yán yào yǒng jiǔ yìn jì de jǐng guān ,yǐ bèi zhèng míng fú cóng fèn zǐ xiū xiū bǔ bǔ 。yī xiē zhì zào shāng xiàn zài kě shēng wù jiàng jiě de xíng shì ,lì rú yī xiē sù liào liù bāo huán ,zhú jiàn fēn jiě shí ,bào lòu zài yáng guāng xià 。yán jiū rén yuán zhèng zài kāi fā de bàn fǎ ,shǐ jīn shǔ huò bō li kě huí shōu de sù liào 。cǐ wài ,shí mò huò qí tā huà hé wù de xiān wéi zēng qiáng fù hé cái liào – sù liào – huán yóu shì jiè fēi xíng de lǚ xíng zhě kě néng ,shèn zhì yǐ zài zhàn dòu zhōng zhèng míng : tóu kuī jiù le yī gè bù bīng de shēng mìng ,zài rù qīn gé lín nà dá piān zhuǎn liǎng kē zǐ dàn 。
yī xiē xiān jìn de cái liào shì jiù biāo zhǔn ,yī gè xīn de zhuǎn shé 。zuì xīn de guāng xiān diàn lǎn ,xié dài diàn huà yuè yě yī kuài 100 yīng lǐ hòu de bǐ yī gè biāo zhǔn de chuāng kǒu chuāng gé zhōng qīng xī tòu míng de bō li 。
dàn shì ,xīn cái liào ,yǒu méi yǒu yǐng xiǎng ,zhí dào tā men bèi zhì chéng chǎn pǐn 。hé guò dù kě néng bèi zhèng míng shì kùn nán de ,qiē huàn xū yào cháng qī de yán jiū hé tóu zī 。kě yǐ shuō ,jiān dìng duì rú hé jiāng shāng yè huà de shǒu bǐng ,jiāng jué dìng yī gè guó jiā de chéng gōng huò shī bài ,zài bù jiǔ de jiāng lái 。