Mandarin Advanced Level – The Development of Cities

Mandarin Advanced Level – The Development of Cities

大眾運輸修訂的美國城市的社會和經濟結構在三個基本方面。它催化的物理擴展,整理出人民和土地的用途,它加快了城市生活的固有的不穩定性。通過開放的廣大地區無人居住的土地,擴建住宅,公共馬車,馬鐵路,通勤列車,電動車拉解決地區向外的兩到四倍的遙遠形式的城市中心,比他們在現代的時代。例如,在1850年,波士頓的邊界奠定還不到兩英里的老商業區;世紀之交的半徑擴至10英里。現在,這些人能買得起,它可以住遠離老城區中心,仍然有通勤工作,購物和娛樂。周圍的土地,幾乎每一個主要城市外圍的新的輔助引發爆炸房地產開發和推動,我們現在知道作為城市擴張。例如,1890年和1920年間,約有25萬新住宅地段被記錄在芝加哥的邊界,其中大部分位於邊遠地區。在同一時期,另一個城外的限制,但在首都圈了550,000個。急於採取利用通勤的可能性,房地產開發商增加了80萬潛在的芝加哥地區的建築地盤就只有34歲 – 可以安置很多五,六萬人。
當然,許多人從來沒有被佔領,總是有一個細分的巨額盈餘,但空置,芝加哥和其他城市周圍的土地。這些暴行,強調有關大眾運輸的增長:城市擴張基本上是無計劃的住宅擴展功能。它是由成千上萬的小投資者協調土地利用或對未來的土地使用者支付很少理會。誰購買,並準備作住宅用途的土地,特別是土地附近或以外的城市公交線路和中產階層的居民,預計的邊界,這樣做是創造需求,盡可能作出回應。芝加哥是這個過程中的一個最好的例子。房地產細分進行比人口增長快。

dà zhòng yùn shū xiū dìng de měi guó chéng shì de shè huì hé jīng jì jié gòu zài sān gè jī běn fāng miàn 。tā cuī huà de wù lǐ kuò zhǎn ,zhěng lǐ chū rén mín hé tǔ dì de yòng tú ,tā jiā kuài le chéng shì shēng huó de gù yǒu de bù wěn dìng xìng 。tōng guò kāi fàng de guǎng dà dì qū wú rén jū zhù de tǔ dì ,kuò jiàn zhù zhái ,gōng gòng mǎ chē ,mǎ tiě lù ,tōng qín liè chē ,diàn dòng chē lā jiě jué dì qū xiàng wài de liǎng dào sì bèi de yáo yuǎn xíng shì de chéng shì zhōng xīn ,bǐ tā men zài xiàn dài de shí dài 。lì rú ,zài 1850 nián ,bō shì dùn de biān jiè diàn dìng hái bú dào liǎng yīng lǐ de lǎo shāng yè qū ; shì jì zhī jiāo de bàn jìng kuò zhì 10 yīng lǐ 。xiàn zài ,zhè xiē rén néng mǎi de qǐ ,tā kě yǐ zhù yuǎn lí lǎo chéng qū zhōng xīn ,réng rán yǒu tōng qín gōng zuò ,gòu wù hé yú lè 。zhōu wéi de tǔ dì ,jī hū měi yī gè zhǔ yào chéng shì wài wéi de xīn de fǔ zhù yǐn fā bào zhà fáng dì chǎn kāi fā hé tuī dòng ,wǒ men xiàn zài zhī dào zuò wéi chéng shì kuò zhāng 。lì rú ,1890 nián hé 1920 nián jiān ,yuē yǒu 25 wàn xīn zhù zhái dì duàn bèi jì lù zài zhī jiā gē de biān jiè ,qí zhōng dà bù fèn wèi yū biān yuǎn dì qū 。zài tóng yī shí qī ,lìng yī gè chéng wài de xiàn zhì ,dàn zài shǒu dū quān le 550,000 gè 。jí yū cǎi qǔ lì yòng tōng qín de kě néng xìng ,fáng dì chǎn kāi fā shāng zēng jiā le 80 wàn qián zài de zhī jiā gē dì qū de jiàn zhù dì pán jiù zhǐ yǒu 34 suì – kě yǐ ān zhì hěn duō wǔ ,liù wàn rén 。
dāng rán ,xǔ duō rén cóng lái méi yǒu bèi zhàn lǐng ,zǒng shì yǒu yī gè xì fēn de jù é yíng yú ,dàn kōng zhì ,zhī jiā gē hé qí tā chéng shì zhōu wéi de tǔ dì 。zhè xiē bào xíng ,qiáng diào yǒu guān dà zhòng yùn shū de zēng zhǎng : chéng shì kuò zhāng jī běn shàng shì wú jì huá de zhù zhái kuò zhǎn gōng néng 。tā shì yóu chéng qiān shàng wàn de xiǎo tóu zī zhě xié diào tǔ dì lì yòng huò duì wèi lái de tǔ dì shǐ yòng zhě zhī fù hěn shǎo lǐ huì 。shuí gòu mǎi ,bìng zhǔn bèi zuò zhù zhái yòng tú de tǔ dì ,tè bié shì tǔ dì fù jìn huò yǐ wài de chéng shì gōng jiāo xiàn lù hé zhōng chǎn jiē céng de jū mín ,yù jì de biān jiè ,zhè yàng zuò shì chuàng zào xū qiú ,jìn kě néng zuò chū huí yìng 。zhī jiā gē shì zhè gè guò chéng zhōng de yī gè zuì hǎo de lì zi 。fáng dì chǎn xì fēn jìn xíng bǐ rén kǒu zēng zhǎng kuài 。

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

Vocabulary
1. revise gǎi biàn 改变
2. fabric jié gòu 结构
3. catalyze cuī huà ,jiā sù 催化,加速
4. sort out bǎ …… fēn mén bié lèi ,jiǎn xuǎn 把……分门别类,拣选
5. omnibus gōng gòng qì chē /mǎ chē 公共汽车/马车
6. trolley ( měi ) yǒu guǐ diàn chē ,( yīng ) wú guǐ diàn chē (美)有轨电车,(英)无轨电车
7. periphery zhōu wéi ,biān yuán 周围,边缘
8. sprawl jiàn zhù wù wú jì huà yán shēn ,màn yán ,sì miàn bā fāng sàn kāi 建筑物无计划延伸,蔓延,四面八方散开
9. lot xiǎo piàn tǔ dì 小片土地
10. underscore qiáng diào ,zài xià miàn huá héng xiàn 强调,在下面划横线
11. transit lines yùn shū xiàn lù 运输线路
12. subdivision ( chū shòu de ) xiǎo kuài tǔ dì ,zài huà fēn xiǎo qū (出售的)小块土地,再划分小区